What Are Dry Eyes?

Dry eyes, medically termed "keratoconjunctivitis sicca," occur when tears fail to provide adequate moisture and lubrication to the eyes. Tears are essential for maintaining the health of the ocular surface, protecting against foreign particles, and ensuring clear vision. When the quantity or quality of tears diminishes, it results in dryness, discomfort, and potential damage to the eyes.

What Are Causes of Dry Eyes?

Several factors can contribute to the development of dry eyes, including:

Environmental Factors

Exposure to dry, windy, or smoky environments can accelerate tear evaporation and lead to dry eye symptoms. Additionally, spending extended periods in air-conditioned or heated rooms can exacerbate the condition.

Aging

As we age, our bodies undergo various changes, including a decrease in tear production. Individuals over the age of 50 are more susceptible to developing dry eyes due to age-related changes in tear composition and quantity.

Medical Conditions

Certain medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders (e.g., Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis), diabetes, thyroid disorders, and allergies, can affect tear production and quality, contributing to dry eye symptoms.

Medications

The use of certain medications, including antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, birth control pills, and hormone replacement therapy, may disrupt tear film stability and exacerbate dry eye symptoms as a side effect.

Screen Time

Extended use of digital devices, such as computers, smartphones, and tablets, can lead to decreased blinking, resulting in poor tear distribution and increased evaporation, ultimately contributing to dry eyes.

What Are Symptoms of Dry Eyes?

Recognizing the symptoms of dry eyes is crucial for timely intervention and management. Common signs and symptoms include:

• Stinging or burning sensation in the eyes
• Redness
• Blurry vision
• Sensitivity to light
• Feeling of foreign particles in the eyes
• Eye fatigue
• Excessive tearing (paradoxical response to dryness)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

If you experience persistent dry eye symptoms, it is essential to seek professional evaluation from an ophthalmologist or optometrist. A comprehensive eye examination may include:

• Evaluation of tear film quality and quantity
• Assessment of ocular surface health
• Measurement of tear production
• Testing for underlying medical conditions

What Are Treatment Options?

Artificial Tears

Artificial tears, available over-the-counter, provide temporary relief by supplementing the natural tear film and lubricating the eyes. Various formulations are tailored to address specific types of dry eye symptoms.

Prescription Medications

In cases of moderate to severe dry eyes, prescription medications such as cyclosporine (Restasis) or lifitegrast (Xiidra) may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and improve tear production.

Tear Conservation

Punctal plugs, small silicone or collagen plugs inserted into the tear ducts, can help conserve natural tears by preventing drainage, thereby maintaining moisture on the ocular surface.

Lifestyle Modifications

Simple lifestyle changes can alleviate dry eye symptoms, including:

• Taking regular breaks from screen time
• Using a humidifier
• Avoiding exposure to smoke and wind
• Maintaining adequate hydration

Conclusion

Dry eyes can significantly impact one's visual comfort and overall well-being. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and available treatment options, individuals can take proactive steps to manage this common condition effectively. If you're experiencing persistent dry eye symptoms, consult with an eye care professional for personalized evaluation and treatment recommendations.